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This book tells the story of the Donme, the descendents of Jews who resided in the Ottoman Empire and converted to Islam along with their messiah, Rabbi Shabbatai Tzevi, in the seventeenth century. For two centuries following their conversion, the Donme were accepted as Muslims, and by the end of the nineteenth century rose to the top of Salonican society. The Donme helped transform Salonica into a cosmopolitan city, promoting the newest innovation in trade and finance, urban refore, and modern education. They eventually became the driving force behind the 1908 revolution, that led to the overthrow of the Ottoman sultan and the establishment of a secular republic. To their proponents, the Donme are considered enlightened secularists and Turkish nationalists who fought against the dark forces of superstition and religious obscurantism. To their opponents, they were simply crypto-Jews engaged in a plot to dissolve the Islamic empire. Both points of view assume the Donme were antireligious, whether couched as critique or praise. But it is time that we take these religious people seriously on their own terms. In the Ottoman Empire, the Donme promoted morality, ethics, spirituality, and a syncretistic religion that reflected their origins at the intersection of Jewish Kabbalah and Islamic Sufism. This is the first book to tell their story, from their origins to their near total dissolution as they became secular Turks in the mid-twentieth century.
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